In my opinion one of the the best possible explanations about weigh rules and regulations can be found on Wikipedia and I’m sure you will get all the information you need to know:
The maximum federal weight limit is set at 80.000 pounds and trucks that are exceeding that limit can still operate in certain state and drive trough the state but they need to obtain overweight permit.
Those kind of permits are issued only before that scheduled trip meaning company need to apply for it and provide all the required info about that exact load and once they get that permit it is only valid until the end of that trip meaning that for every trip you need to get a new one.
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It is very good and important to know that those kind of permits can not be obtained for every type of load you can transport. If you want to get this one it can be issues only for the loads that cannot be broken down to smaller pieces that could match the weight limitations meaning that there is no alternative ways of transporting that load.